In 1917, Einstein applied the General theory of relativity to model
the structure of the universe as a whole. He wanted the universe to be
eternal and unchanging, but this type of universe is not consistent with
relativity. To fix this, Einstein modified the general theory by
introducing a new notion, the cosmological constant. With a positive cosmological constant, the universe could be an eternal static sphere.[99]
Einstein believed a spherical static universe is philosophically preferred, because it would obey Mach's principle. He had shown that general relativity incorporates Mach's principle to a certain extent in frame dragging by gravitomagnetic fields,
but he knew that Mach's idea would not work if space goes on forever.
In a closed universe, he believed that Mach's principle would hold.
Mach's principle has generated much controversy over the years.
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