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Saatku tenggelam dalam sendu
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Waktupun enggan untuk berlalu
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Ku berjanji untuk menutup pintu hatiku
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Entah untuk siapapun itu
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Semakin ku lihat masa lalu
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Semakin hatiku tak menentu
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Tetapi satu sinar terangi jiwaku
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Saatku melihat senyummu
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Dan kau hadir merubah segalanya
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Menjadi lebih indah
Bm7 Dm
Kau bawa cintaku setinggi angkasa
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Membuatku merasa sempurna
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Dan membuatku utuh
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Tuk menjalani hidup
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Berdua denganmu selama-lamanya
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Engkaulah yang terbaik untukku
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Kini ku ingin hentikan waktu
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Bila kau berada di dekatku
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Bunga cinta bermekaran dalam jiwaku
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Kan ku petik satu untukmu
[chorus]
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Dan kau hadir merubah segalanya
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Menjadi lebih indah
Bm7 Dm
Kau bawa cintaku setinggi angkasa
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Membuatku merasa sempurna
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Dan membuatku utuh
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Berdua denganmu selama-lamanya
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Engkaulah yang terbaik untukku
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Ku percayakan seluruh hatiku padamu
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Kasihku satu janjiku, kaulah yang terakhir bagiku
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Dan kau hadir merubah segalanya
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Menjadi lebih indah
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Kau bawa cintaku setinggi angkasa
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Tuk menjalani hidup
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Berdua denganmu selama-lamanya
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Engkaulah yang terbaik untukku
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kaulah yang terbaik untukku
[outro] Cm G Cm G C7sus2
Jumat, 19 April 2013
Selasa, 26 Februari 2013
Plant
Plants, also called green plants (Viridiplantae in Latin), are living organisms of the kingdom Plantae including such multicellular groups as flowering plants, conifers, ferns and mosses, as well as, depending on definition, the green algae, but not red or brown seaweeds like kelp, nor fungi or bacteria.
Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize. Plants are also characterized by sexual reproduction, modular and indeterminate growth, and an alternation of generations, although asexual reproduction is common, and some plants bloom only once while others bear only one bloom.
Precise numbers are difficult to determine, but as of 2010, there are thought to be 300–315 thousand species of plants, of which the great majority, some 260–290 thousand, are seed plants (see the table below).[2] Green plants provide most of the world's molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of the earth's ecologies, especially on land. Plants described as grains, fruits and vegetables form mankind's basic foodstuffs, and have been domesticated for millennia. Plants enrich our lives as flowers and ornaments. Until recently and in great variety they have served as the source of most of our medicines and drugs. Their scientific study is known as botany.
Outside of formal scientific contexts, the term "plant" implies an association with certain traits, such as being multicellular, possessing cellulose, and having the ability to carry out photosynthesis.[3][4]
Another way of looking at the relationships between the different groups which have been called "plants" is through a cladogram,
which shows their evolutionary relationships. The evolutionary history
of plants is not yet completely settled, but one accepted relationship
between the three groups described above is shown below.[5] Those which have been called "plants" are in bold.
The way in which the groups of green algae are combined and named varies considerably between authors.
The Viridiplantae, the green plants – green algae and land plants – form a clade, a group consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. With a few exceptions among the green algae, all green plants have many features in common, including cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, and food stores in the form of starch. They undergo closed mitosis without centrioles, and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
Two additional groups, the Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae), also have chloroplasts which appear to be derived directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, although they differ in the pigments which are used in photosynthesis and so are different in colour. All three groups together are generally believed to have a single common origin, and so are classified together in the taxon Archaeplastida, whose name implies that the chloroplasts or plastids of all the members of the taxon were derived from a single ancient endosymbiotic event. This is the broadest modern definition of the plants.
In contrast, most other algae (e.g. heterokonts, haptophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenids) not only have different pigments but also have chloroplasts with three or four surrounding membranes. They are not close relatives of the Archaeplastida, presumably having acquired chloroplasts separately from ingested or symbiotic green and red algae. They are thus not included in even the broadest modern definition of the plant kingdom, although they were in the past.
The green plants or Viridiplantae were traditionally divided into the green algae (including the stoneworts) and the land plants. However, it is now known that the land plants evolved from within a group of green algae, so that the green algae by themselves are a paraphyletic group, i.e. a group which excludes some of the descendants of a common ancestor. Paraphyletic groups are generally avoided in modern classifications, so that in recent treatments the Viridiplantae have been divided into two clades, the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta (or Charophyta).[8][9]
The Chlorophyta (a name that has also been used for all green algae) are the sister group to the group from which the land plants evolved. There are about 4,300 species[10] of mainly marine organisms, both unicellular and multicellular. The latter include the sea lettuce, Ulva.
The other group within the Viridiplantae are the mainly freshwater or terrestrial Streptophyta (or Charophyta), which consist of several groups of green algae plus the stoneworts and land plants. (The names have been used differently, e.g. Streptophyta to mean the group which excludes the land plants and Charophyta for the stoneworts alone or the stoneworts plus the land plants.) Streptophyte algae are either unicellular or form multicellular filaments, branched or unbranched.[9] The genus Spirogyra is a filamentous streptophyte alga familiar to many, as it is often used in teaching and is one of the organisms responsible for the algal "scum" which pond-owners so dislike. The freshwater stoneworts strongly resemble land plants and are believed to be their closest relatives. Growing underwater, they consist of a central stalk with whorls of branchlets, giving them a superficial resemblance to horsetails, species of the genus Equisetum, which are true land plants.
Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize. Plants are also characterized by sexual reproduction, modular and indeterminate growth, and an alternation of generations, although asexual reproduction is common, and some plants bloom only once while others bear only one bloom.
Precise numbers are difficult to determine, but as of 2010, there are thought to be 300–315 thousand species of plants, of which the great majority, some 260–290 thousand, are seed plants (see the table below).[2] Green plants provide most of the world's molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of the earth's ecologies, especially on land. Plants described as grains, fruits and vegetables form mankind's basic foodstuffs, and have been domesticated for millennia. Plants enrich our lives as flowers and ornaments. Until recently and in great variety they have served as the source of most of our medicines and drugs. Their scientific study is known as botany.
Contents |
Definition
Plants are one of the two groups into which all living things have been traditionally divided; the other is animals. The division goes back at least as far as Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) who distinguished between plants which generally do not move, and animals which often are mobile to catch their food. Much later, when Linnaeus (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of scientific classification, these two groups became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Metaphyta or Plantae) and Animalia (also called Metazoa). Since then, it has become clear that the plant kingdom as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these organisms are still often considered plants, particularly in popular contexts.Outside of formal scientific contexts, the term "plant" implies an association with certain traits, such as being multicellular, possessing cellulose, and having the ability to carry out photosynthesis.[3][4]
Current definitions of Plantae
When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a specific group of organisms or taxon, it usually refers to one of three concepts. From least to most inclusive, these three groupings are:| Name(s) | Scope | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Land plants, also known as Embryophyta or Metaphyta. | Plantae sensu strictissimo | This group includes the liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and vascular plants, as well as fossil plants similar to these surviving groups. |
| Green plants - also known as Viridiplantae, Viridiphyta or Chlorobionta | Plantae sensu stricto | This group includes the land plants plus various groups of green algae, including stoneworts. The names given to these groups vary considerably as of July 2011. Viridiplantae encompass a group of organisms that possess chlorophyll a and b, have plastids that are bound by only two membranes, are capable of storing starch, and have cellulose in their cell walls. It is this clade which is mainly the subject of this article. |
| Archaeplastida, Plastida or Primoplantae | Plantae sensu lato | This group comprises the green plants above plus Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae). This clade includes the organisms that eons ago acquired their chloroplasts directly by engulfing cyanobacteria. |
|
groups traditionally called "algae"
|
Algae
Main article: Algae
Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce
energy through photosynthesis and for that reason have been included in
the plant kingdom in the past. Most conspicuous among the algae are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that may roughly resemble land plants, but are classified among the brown, red and green algae.
Each of these algal groups also includes various microscopic and
single-celled organisms. There is good evidence that some of these algal
groups arose independently from separate non-photosynthetic ancestors,
with the result that many groups of algae are no longer classified within the plant kingdom as it is defined here.[6][7]The Viridiplantae, the green plants – green algae and land plants – form a clade, a group consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. With a few exceptions among the green algae, all green plants have many features in common, including cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, and food stores in the form of starch. They undergo closed mitosis without centrioles, and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
Two additional groups, the Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae), also have chloroplasts which appear to be derived directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, although they differ in the pigments which are used in photosynthesis and so are different in colour. All three groups together are generally believed to have a single common origin, and so are classified together in the taxon Archaeplastida, whose name implies that the chloroplasts or plastids of all the members of the taxon were derived from a single ancient endosymbiotic event. This is the broadest modern definition of the plants.
In contrast, most other algae (e.g. heterokonts, haptophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenids) not only have different pigments but also have chloroplasts with three or four surrounding membranes. They are not close relatives of the Archaeplastida, presumably having acquired chloroplasts separately from ingested or symbiotic green and red algae. They are thus not included in even the broadest modern definition of the plant kingdom, although they were in the past.
The green plants or Viridiplantae were traditionally divided into the green algae (including the stoneworts) and the land plants. However, it is now known that the land plants evolved from within a group of green algae, so that the green algae by themselves are a paraphyletic group, i.e. a group which excludes some of the descendants of a common ancestor. Paraphyletic groups are generally avoided in modern classifications, so that in recent treatments the Viridiplantae have been divided into two clades, the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta (or Charophyta).[8][9]
The Chlorophyta (a name that has also been used for all green algae) are the sister group to the group from which the land plants evolved. There are about 4,300 species[10] of mainly marine organisms, both unicellular and multicellular. The latter include the sea lettuce, Ulva.
The other group within the Viridiplantae are the mainly freshwater or terrestrial Streptophyta (or Charophyta), which consist of several groups of green algae plus the stoneworts and land plants. (The names have been used differently, e.g. Streptophyta to mean the group which excludes the land plants and Charophyta for the stoneworts alone or the stoneworts plus the land plants.) Streptophyte algae are either unicellular or form multicellular filaments, branched or unbranched.[9] The genus Spirogyra is a filamentous streptophyte alga familiar to many, as it is often used in teaching and is one of the organisms responsible for the algal "scum" which pond-owners so dislike. The freshwater stoneworts strongly resemble land plants and are believed to be their closest relatives. Growing underwater, they consist of a central stalk with whorls of branchlets, giving them a superficial resemblance to horsetails, species of the genus Equisetum, which are true land plants.
References
- ^ Hyper Hobby, September 2012
- ^ a b c d e Promotional movie pamphlet
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "仮面ライダー×スーパー戦隊×宇宙刑事 スーパーヒーロー大戦Z 作品情報 - 映画.com". Eiga.com. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ "鈴木勝大". February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ "ホリプロオフィシャルサイト -森田涼花-". Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ "ホリプロオフィシャルサイト -須賀健太-". Retrieved February 8, 2013.
External links
- Gai Ikari (伊狩 鎧 Ikari Gai): Junya Ikeda (池田 純矢 Ikeda Jun'ya)
- Geki Jumonji (十文字 撃 Jūmonji Geki): Yuma Ishigaki (石垣 佑磨 Ishigaki Yūma)
- Kai Hyuga (日向 快 Hyūga Kai): Riki Miura (三浦 力 Miura Riki)[3]
- Shelly (シェリー Sherī): Suzuka Morita (森田 涼花 Morita Suzuka)[5][3]
- Retsu Ichijouji (一条寺 烈 Ichijōji Retsu): Kenji Ohba (大葉 健二 Ōba Kenji)[2][3]
- Saburo Kazeta (風田 三郎 Kazeta Saburō): Kenta Suga (須賀 健太 Suga Kenta)[6]
- Unknown roles
- Atsushi Maruyama (丸山 敦史 Maruyama Atsushi, Voice)[3]
- Hirotaro Honda (本田 博太郎 Honda Hirotarō)
References
- Hiromu Sakurada (桜田 ヒロム Sakurada Hiromu): Katsuhiro Suzuki (鈴木 勝大 Suzuki Katsuhiro)[4][3]
- Ryuji Iwasaki (岩崎 リュウジ Iwasaki Ryūji): Ryouma Baba (馬場 良馬 Baba Ryōma)[3]
- Yoko Usami (宇佐見 ヨーコ Usami Yōko): Arisa Komiya (小宮 有紗 Komiya Arisa)
- Miho Nakamura (仲村 ミホ Nakamura Miho): Fuuka Nishihira (西平 風香 Nishihira Fūka)[2][3]
- Toru Morishita (森下 トオル Morishita Tōru): Naoto Takahashi (高橋 直人 Takahashi Naoto)[2][3]
- Takeshi Kuroki (黒木 タケシ Kuroki Takeshi): Hideo Sakaki (榊 英雄 Sakaki Hideo)[2][3]
- Usada Lettuce (ウサダ・レタス Usada Retasu, Voice): Tatsuhisa Suzuki (鈴木 達央 Suzuki Tatsuhisa)[3]
- Beet J. Stag (ビート・J・スタッグ Bīto Jei Sutaggu, Voice): Yuichi Nakamura (中村 悠一 Nakamura Yūichi)[3]
Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger
- Daigo Kiryu (桐生 ダイゴ Kiryū Daigo): Ryo Ryusei (竜星 涼 Ryūsei Ryō)
- Ian Yorkland (イアン・ヨークランド Ian Yōkurando): Syuusuke Saito (斉藤 秀翼 Saitō Shūsuke)[3]
- Nobuharu Udo (有働 ノブハル Udō Nobuharu): Yamato Kinjo (金城 大和 Kinjō Yamato)[3]
- Souji Rippukan (立風館 ソウジ Rippūkan Sōji): Akihisa Shiono (塩野 瑛久 Shiono Akihisa)[3]
- Amy Yuuzuki (アミィ結月 Amyi Yūzuki): Ayuri Konno (今野 鮎莉 Konno Ayuri)[3]
Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger
- Daigo Kiryu (桐生 ダイゴ Kiryū Daigo): Ryo Ryusei (竜星 涼 Ryūsei Ryō)
- Ian Yorkland (イアン・ヨークランド Ian Yōkurando): Syuusuke Saito (斉藤 秀翼 Saitō Shūsuke)[3]
- Nobuharu Udo (有働 ノブハル Udō Nobuharu): Yamato Kinjo (金城 大和 Kinjō Yamato)[3]
- Souji Rippukan (立風館 ソウジ Rippūkan Sōji): Akihisa Shiono (塩野 瑛久 Shiono Akihisa)[3]
- Amy Yuuzuki (アミィ結月 Amyi Yūzuki): Ayuri Konno (今野 鮎莉 Konno Ayuri)[3]
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